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#top-nav ul li fieldset { padding-top: 1px; } #top-nav ul li fieldset input { border: 1px solid rgb(14, 50, 102); width: 120px; height: 14px; = display: inline; } #top-nav ul li fieldset button { =09 } #top-nav ul li a { width: auto; padding-top: 4px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: = none; display: block; } #top-nav ul li a span { float: right; } #top-nav ul li:hover { border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); border-bottom-width: 3px; = border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); } #top-nav ul li.hover { border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); border-bottom-width: 3px; = border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); } #top-nav ul ul { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/shadowAlpha.png") no-repeat right bottom = !important; list-style: none; margin: -6px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 10px = 0px; top: 30px; width: 200px; height: auto; } #top-nav ul li li { =09 } #top-nav ul ul ul { top: -4px; margin-left: 196px; } #top-nav ul li:hover li { padding: 2px 10px; border: currentColor; width: 174px; } #top-nav ul li.hover li { padding: 2px 10px; border: currentColor; width: 174px; } #top-nav ul li.hover li:hover { background-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); } #top-nav ul li.hover li.hover { background-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); } #top-nav ul li li { width: 100%; } #top-nav ul li li a.childNav { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/listBullet1.png") no-repeat right = !important; } #top-nav ul ul { left: -999em; position: absolute; } #top-nav ul li:hover ul ul { left: -999em; position: absolute; } #top-nav ul ul ul { left: -999em; position: absolute; } #top-nav ul li:hover ul { left: -1px; z-index: 990; } #top-nav ul li li:hover ul { left: -1px; z-index: 990; } #top-nav ul li li li:hover ul { left: -1px; z-index: 990; } #top-nav ul li.hover ul ul { left: -999em; position: absolute; } #top-nav ul li.hover ul ul ul { left: -999em; position: absolute; } #top-nav ul li.hover ul { left: -1px; z-index: 990; } #top-nav ul li li.hover ul { left: -1px; z-index: 990; } #top-nav ul li li li.hover ul { left: -1px; z-index: 990; } ul.sortmenu { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; } ul.sortmenu li { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(161, 161, 161); display: inline; = position: relative; } ul.sortmenu ul { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/shadowAlpha.png") no-repeat right bottom = !important; list-style: none; margin: -6px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 10px = 0px; left: -999em; top: 27px; width: 120px; height: auto; position: = absolute; } ul.sortmenu li.hover ul { top: 30px; } ul.sortmenu ul li { margin: 0px 6px; } ul.sortmenu ul li a { margin-right: 6px; display: block; } ul.sortmenu li a:link { padding: 5px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; } ul.sortmenu li a:active { padding: 5px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; } ul.sortmenu li a:visited { padding: 5px; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; } ul.sortmenu li:hover a { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); = border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: = rgb(236, 241, 248); } ul.sortmenu li.hover a { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); = border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: = rgb(236, 241, 248); } ul.sortmenu li.active a { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); = border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: = rgb(236, 241, 248); } .search ul li.active a { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); = border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: = rgb(236, 241, 248); } ul.sortmenu li.active a { border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); border-bottom-width: 3px; = border-bottom-style: solid; } ul.sortmenu li:hover ul { left: -1px; z-index: 990; } ul.sortmenu li.hover ul { left: -1px; z-index: 990; } ul.sortmenu li:hover ul a { border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-width: medium; = border-bottom-style: none; background-color: rgb(226, 233, 243); } ul.sortmenu li.hover ul a { border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-width: medium; = border-bottom-style: none; background-color: rgb(226, 233, 243); } ul.sortmenu li:hover ul li.active a { border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); border-bottom-width: 3px; = border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); } ul.sortmenu li.hover ul li.active a { border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); border-bottom-width: 3px; = border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); } ul.sortmenu li:hover li:hover a { background-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); } ul.sortmenu li.hover li.hover a { background-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); } #rss-button { margin: 0px; } #rss-button a { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/feed-butt.gif") no-repeat left; padding: = 2px 8px 2px 22px; border: currentColor; color: white; font-size: 9px; } #rss-button a:active { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/feed-butt.gif") no-repeat left; padding: = 2px 8px 2px 22px; border: currentColor; color: white; font-size: 9px; } #rss-button a:hover { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/feed-butt.gif") no-repeat left; padding: = 2px 8px 2px 22px; border: currentColor; color: white; font-size: 9px; } #sc-share a { padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: sub; background-color: transparent; } #sc-share:hover a { padding: 5px 0px; vertical-align: sub; background-color: transparent; } #sc-share div { vertical-align: sub; } #main-nav { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%; height: 28px; overflow: hidden; = display: block; list-style-type: none; background-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); } #sub-nav { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%; height: 28px; overflow: hidden; = display: block; list-style-type: none; background-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); } #search-hint { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%; height: 28px; overflow: hidden; = display: block; list-style-type: none; background-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); } #sub-nav { background-color: rgb(216, 228, 246); } #search-hint { height: 20px; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); = border-bottom-color: darkred; border-top-width: 1px; = border-bottom-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: = solid; background-color: rgb(255, 228, 181); } #main-nav ul { margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; width: 1018px; height: 100%; = list-style-type: none; } #sub-nav ul { margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; width: 1018px; height: 100%; = list-style-type: none; } #search-hint ul { margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; width: 1018px; height: 100%; = list-style-type: none; } #search-hint ul li.close { margin-top: 2px; float: right; } #search-hint ul li.close a { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/close-icon.gif") no-repeat 0px 0px; = width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -99999px; display: block; } #search-hint ul li.close a:hover { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/close-icon.gif") no-repeat 0px 100%; } #main-nav ul li { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/maintab.gif") repeat-y 100% 0px; } #main-nav ul li { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; float: left; } #sub-nav ul li { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; float: left; } #search-hint ul li { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; float: left; } #search-hint ul li { padding: 0px 15px; } #main-nav li a { padding: 7px 10px; height: 15px; color: rgb(14, 50, 102); = text-decoration: none; display: block; } #sub-nav li a { padding: 7px 10px; height: 15px; color: rgb(14, 50, 102); = text-decoration: none; display: block; } #sub-nav li a:hover { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); = border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: = rgb(236, 241, 248); } #sub-nav li.active a { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); = border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: = rgb(236, 241, 248); } #sub-nav li.active a { color: rgb(86, 105, 145); } #sub-nav li a:hover { color: rgb(86, 105, 145); } #main-nav li a:hover { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); = border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: = rgb(44, 96, 170); } #main-nav li.active a { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); = border-bottom-width: 3px; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: = rgb(44, 96, 170); } #main-nav li a { color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; } #sub-nav li a { color: rgb(14, 50, 102); text-decoration: none; } #sub-nav li.active a { color: rgb(86, 105, 145); } #sub-nav li a:hover { color: rgb(86, 105, 145); } .categ-nanotech #sub-nav { background-color: lightsalmon; } .categ-physics #sub-nav { background-color: navajowhite; } .categ-space #sub-nav { background-color: palegoldenrod; } .categ-electronics #sub-nav { background-color: lightgreen; } .categ-technology #sub-nav { background-color: yellowgreen; } .categ-science #sub-nav { background-color: lightgrey; } .categ-health #sub-nav { background-color: thistle; } .categ-chemistry #sub-nav { background-color: lightsteelblue; } .categ-biology #sub-nav { background-color: mediumaquamarine; } #content { margin: 0px auto; width: 1024px; } .column-0 { width: 100%; min-height: 600px; } #footer { width: 100%; clear: both; margin-top: 20px; border-top-color: rgb(14, = 50, 102); border-top-width: 4px; border-top-style: solid; = background-color: rgb(241, 244, 249); } .box-top { margin: 0px 10px; padding: 8px 10px 0px; width: auto; } .box-title { margin: 10px 5px 0px 10px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; } .box-content { padding: 10px; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 15px; } .box-1 { padding: 8px 4px; width: auto; } .box-2 { padding: 8px 4px; width: auto; } .box-3 { padding: 8px 4px; width: auto; } .box-1::after { height: 0px; clear: both; display: block; visibility: hidden; content: = "."; } .box-2::after { height: 0px; clear: both; display: block; visibility: hidden; content: = "."; } box-3::after { height: 0px; clear: both; display: block; visibility: hidden; content: = "."; } .offset-c::after { height: 0px; clear: both; display: block; visibility: hidden; content: = "."; } .box-2 { background-color: rgb(241, 244, 249); } .col-a { overflow: hidden; float: left; } .col-b { overflow: hidden; float: left; } .col-c { overflow: hidden; float: left; } .col-d { overflow: hidden; float: left; } .col-a-d { overflow: hidden; float: left; } .col-e { overflow: hidden; float: left; } .col-n { overflow: hidden; float: left; } .col-s { overflow: hidden; float: left; } .col-a { width: 474px; } .col-b { width: 542px; } .col-c { width: 271px; } .col-d { width: 152px; } .col-a-d { width: 310px; } .col-e { width: 580px; } .col-n { width: 400px; margin-left: 32px; } .col-s { width: 40px; } .col-list { width: 650px; } .col-list ul { list-style: none url("/tmpl/v3/img/bullet.gif"); } #footer .box-content { margin: 0px auto; width: 980px; font-size: 11px; } #footer .box-content ul { list-style: square; } #footer li { margin-top: 2px; } #footer a { font-weight: normal; } .f1 { background-color: rgb(241, 244, 249); } .bordered { border-top-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-bottom-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); border-top-width: 4px; border-bottom-width: 4px; border-top-style: = solid; border-bottom-style: solid; } .bordered-top { border-top-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-top-width: 4px; = border-top-style: solid; } .bordered-bottom { border-bottom-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-bottom-width: 4px; = border-bottom-style: solid; } .offset-c { left: 271px; clear: both; position: relative; background-color: = rgb(241, 244, 249); } .offset-c .col-c { right: 271px; position: relative; } .spacer-20 { height: 20px; } .spacer-10 { height: 10px; } .breadcrump { width: 600px; float: left; } .box-1 h1 { padding: 10px 4px 15px 10px; margin-right: 6px; } .box-1 h2 { padding: 10px 4px 15px 10px; margin-right: 6px; } .box-1 h1 { border-top-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-top-width: 4px; = border-top-style: solid; } #intota { padding: 10px; border-bottom-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); = border-bottom-width: 4px; border-bottom-style: solid; } #intota img { float: left; display: inline; } #intota br { clear: none; } #input-search { margin: 10px 0px; padding: 4px 0px; width: 450px; height: 20px; = font-size: 16px; } #tags-cloud { list-style: none; margin: 10px 5px; padding: 0px; } #tags-cloud li { line-height: 20px; padding-right: 10px; display: inline; } #tags-cloud .tc1 { font-size: 12px; } #tags-cloud .tc2 { font-size: 13px; } #tags-cloud .tc3 { font-size: 16px; } #tags-cloud .tc4 { font-size: 18px; } #tags-cloud .tc5 { font-size: 20px; } #wikiInfo { margin: 0px -20px; padding: 10px 20px 0px; font-size: 12px; = border-top-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-bottom-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-style: = solid; border-bottom-style: solid; background-color: rgb(241, 244, 249); } .box-ads { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; } .n .box-ads { clear: none !important; } .box-ads p { margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; } .box-ads .ads-head a { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; = text-decoration: underline; } .box-ads .url { color: gray; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: = none; } .box-ads a.url:hover { color: rgb(0, 0, 0); } .box-ads .one-ad { font-size: 1.2em; } .ad-768 { width: 728px; height: 90px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 1px; } #ads-300 { padding: 10px 0px; } #ad-main-1 .box-ads { margin: 0px 10px 10px -10px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 20px; font-size: = 15px; border-top-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-bottom-color: rgb(14, = 50, 102); border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; = border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; } #ad-main-2 .box-ads { margin: 0px -10px; padding: 10px 10px 10px 20px; font-size: 15px; = border-top-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-bottom-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); border-top-width: 4px; border-bottom-width: 4px; border-top-style: = solid; border-bottom-style: solid; } #ad-list-1 .box-ads { margin: 20px 10px 10px -10px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 20px; clear: both; = border-top-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-bottom-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); border-top-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-style: = solid; border-bottom-style: solid; } #ad-search-1 .box-ads { margin: 20px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 10px 10px; clear: both; = border-bottom-color: rgb(216, 228, 246); border-bottom-width: 1px; = border-bottom-style: solid; } #ad-rght-1 .box-ads { padding-left: 10px; margin-left: 40px; } #gad-1 { margin-bottom: 10px; } #gad-1 .box-ads { padding-left: 10px; margin-left: 2px; border-left-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; } #gad-2 .box-ads { padding-left: 10px; margin-left: 2px; border-left-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); border-left-width: 5px; border-left-style: solid; } #gad-1 .box-ads:hover { border-left-color: rgb(216, 228, 246); border-left-width: 5px; = border-left-style: solid; } #gad-2 .box-ads:hover { border-left-color: rgb(216, 228, 246); border-left-width: 5px; = border-left-style: solid; } .box-content h1 { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: currentColor; } .box-content h2 { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: currentColor; } ul.box-content { list-style: none url("/tmpl/v3/img/bullet.gif"); margin-left: 10px; } ul.box-content a { font-weight: normal; } ul.box-content li.last { margin-top: 15px; list-style-image: none; } .box-content p { padding: 0px 0px 10px; } #bottom-rate { padding: 5px 5px 0px 10px; margin-left: -10px; border-top-color: = rgb(14, 50, 102); border-top-width: 4px; border-top-style: solid; } #bottom-rate ul { display: inline-block; } #bottom-rate a { font-weight: normal; } #bottom-share { padding: 5px 10px; margin-top: 6px; margin-left: -10px; = border-top-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-top-width: 1px; = border-top-style: solid; } #side-toolbox { list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px; padding-left: 10px; font-size: = 10px; } #side-toolbox li { margin: 0px 5px; width: 50px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; = float: left; } #side-toolbox a { font-weight: normal; } #side-vote { margin: 10px 0px; padding-left: 10px; } #sd-rank { font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; } #sclTb li { padding: 2px 0px; } #news-text { margin-left: 60px; } .news-item { margin: 0px 5px 10px 10px; padding-bottom: 5px; clear: left; } .news-item::after { height: 0px; clear: both; display: block; visibility: hidden; content: = "."; } .news-item h3 { padding-bottom: 5px; } .news-item h4 { padding-bottom: 5px; } .news-item p { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-size: 9pt; } .news-item small { margin-top: 4px; display: block; } .news-item a:visited { color: rgb(140, 140, 140); } a.textTag { font-weight: normal; } .tabs { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%; border-bottom-color: rgb(216, = 228, 246); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; = list-style-type: none; } .tabs::after { height: 0px; clear: both; display: block; visibility: hidden; content: = "."; } .tabs li { margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 5px 0px; border-top-color: rgb(14, = 50, 102); border-top-width: 4px; border-top-style: solid; float: left; = background-color: rgb(216, 228, 246); } .tabs li a { padding: 5px; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: = none; border-right-color: rgb(216, 228, 246); border-left-color: = rgb(216, 228, 246); border-right-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; = border-right-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; } .tabs li:hover { border-top-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); border-top-width: 4px; = border-top-style: solid; background-color: rgb(236, 241, 248); } .tabs li.active { border-top-color: rgb(180, 50, 50); border-top-width: 4px; = border-top-style: solid; background-color: transparent; } .tabs li.active a { border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-width: 1px; = border-bottom-style: solid; } .tabs li.cl { float: right; } .tabs li.cl a { color: white; font-size: 8pt; } .tabs li.cl a:hover { color: white; font-size: 8pt; } #tabs { border-bottom-color: rgb(14, 50, 102); border-bottom-width: 4px; = border-bottom-style: solid; } #tabs ul { list-style: none url("/tmpl/v3/img/bullet.gif"); margin: 10px 0px; = padding: 0px; } #tabs li { margin: 0px 10px; } #tabs a { font-weight: normal; } #tabs .button { margin-bottom: 8px; float: right; } .newsimg { margin: 0px 5px 5px 0px; float: left; } .newsimg img { margin: 2px 8px 5px 0px; } .columrght img { margin: 0px 5px 3px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 50px; } .newsimg a:link { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/enlarge_icon.gif") no-repeat white; = padding: 5px 5px 4px 26px; font-size: 10px; } .newsimg a:active { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/enlarge_icon.gif") no-repeat white; = padding: 5px 5px 4px 26px; font-size: 10px; } .newsimg a:visited { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/enlarge_icon.gif") no-repeat white; = padding: 5px 5px 4px 26px; font-size: 10px; } .newsimg p { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; top: -20px; clear: left; position: relative; } .imgpreview { display: none; } p.desc { margin: 8px 0px 5px; padding: 0px 2px; color: rgb(105, 105, 105); } .rank-filter { margin: 10px 0px 10px -10px; padding: 10px; border-top-color: rgb(14, = 50, 102); border-top-width: 4px; border-top-style: solid; = background-color: rgb(239, 242, 247); } .rank-filter form { width: 240px; float: left; } .rank-filter p { padding-top: 10px; } #sliderValue { padding: 0px; border: currentColor; width: 50px; font-size: 15pt; = font-weight: bold; float: left; } #sliderHandle { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/sl-slider.gif") no-repeat center; width: = 15px; height: 15px; position: absolute; cursor: move; } #slider { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/sl-control.gif") repeat-x center; width: = 220px; height: 14px; position: relative; cursor: pointer; } #comments { clear: both; } #comments a { font-weight: normal; } #comments .comment { clear: left; margin-bottom: 10px; border-bottom-color: rgb(14, 50, = 102); border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; } #comments .user { padding: 5px 0px; width: 120px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 9pt; = float: left; } #comments .text { padding: 5px 10px 0px 5px; width: 420px; font-size: 15px; margin-left: = 120px; } #comments blockquote { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/quote.gif") no-repeat left top; margin: = 0px 5px 10px 0px; color: gray; padding-left: 30px; } #postbox { font-size: 12px; } #fstlog { padding-top: 18px; } #postbox textarea { width: 520px; } #postbox input { width: 250px; } .comment ul { margin: 10px 5px 5px 125px; clear: left; font-size: 12px; position: = relative; } .comment li { margin-right: 10px; } .comment .cm-rating { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; right: 5px; bottom: -5px; position: = absolute; } .comment .sup { color: gray; font-size: 12px !important; } img.toolbox { background: url("/tmpl/v3/img/icon-set-5.png") no-repeat; } img.news-print { background-position: 0px -40px; } img.news-email { background-position: -25px -40px; } img.news-blog { background-position: -50px -40px; } img.news-audio { background-position: -75px -40px; } img.news-pdf { 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z-index: 990; } #top-nav { z-index: 990; } #top-header noscript { float: right; } #top-nav ul li fieldset button { padding: 0px 3px; margin-top: 3px; margin-left: 3px; } #main-nav li { margin: 0px 1px 0px 0px; } #main-nav ul li { display: inline; } #sub-nav ul li { display: inline; } #main-nav ul li a { float: left; display: inline; } #sub-nav ul li a { float: left; display: inline; } #rss-button a { padding: 4px 8px 0px 22px; } #rss-button a:active { padding: 4px 8px 0px 22px; } #rss-button a:hover { padding: 4px 8px 0px 22px; } #top-toolbox a { padding-bottom: 6px; } #side-toolbox li { width: 49px; height: 80px; } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01CCBFDB.E0439410 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_001_0011_01CCBFDB.E0451AB0" ------=_NextPart_001_0011_01CCBFDB.E0451AB0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-11-car-tossing-quantum-coins-closer.html
Alice and Bob have broken up and have = moved as far=20 away from each other as possible. But they still have something to sort = out: who=20 gets to keep the car. Flipping a coin while talking on the phone to = decide who=20 gets to keep it just won't work. There's no trust. Neither believes each = other's=20 result.
A paper published in Nature Communications by a team of = researchers=20 from Canada and Switzerland explores the concept of coin flipping in the = context=20 of quantum=20 physics that uses light particles, so-called photons, to allow = communication tasks=20 in a manner that outperforms standard communication schemes.
To understand the researchers' approach, it helps to use an analogy = that=20 involves a safe. Bob flips a coin and sends the result of his coin flip, = hidden=20 in the safe, to Alice. Upon receiving Bob's safe, Alice sends the result = of her=20 own flip to Bob. Once received, Bob sends the key to Alice who unlocks = the safe.=20 Now, Alice and Bob both know each other's coin flip and, according to = some=20 previously agreed-upon rule, who will drive away with the car.
In a world made out of electronic bits, used for communication = instead of=20 safes, the physical safe is replaced by encryption over email. This procedure is believed to be = hard to=20 break. Unfortunately, no one knows if this is truly a good safe. This = would=20 allow Alice to cheat by unlocking Bob's "safe" without awaiting his key, = reading=20 the secret, and choosing the result of her own flip in a way that = ensures that=20 she will keep the car.
But it's a different story with quantum communications.
"What we have shown here is the first implementation of quantum coin = flipping=20 in which a cheater can not take advantage of the fact that photons may = get lost=20 during transmission between Alice and Bob. All previous quantum communication schemes could be broken by a = cheater," says=20 co-author Dr. Wolfgang Tittel, professor in the Institute for Quantum Information Science and the Department of = Physics and=20 Astronomy at the University of Calgary. The other co-authors are from = the=20 University of Calgary, Universit=E9 de Montr=E9al, =C9cole Polytechnique = de Montr=E9al=20 and Universit=E9 de Gen=E8ve, in Switzerland.
The quantum coins in this study were tossed with one player being at = the=20 University of Calgary and the other player at the SAIT Polytechnic, = roughly 5 km=20 apart.
"The exchange of quantum bits instead of electronic bits prevents=20 unrecognized cheating because we base our protocol on properties of = nature, such=20 as the impossibility to perfectly determine the quantum state of a = single=20 photon" say Dr. F=E9lix Bussi=E8res, who did parts of his PhD studies at = the=20 University of Calgary, where the experiment was performed, before moving = to=20 Switzerland to take up a postdoctoral fellowship.
"Unfortunately, even in the quantum world, coin flipping at a distance is not = perfect either -=20 it is still possible to cheat, at least to some extent. However, no = party can=20 fix the final outcome with certainty, and, if trying to cheat, risks = being=20 caught cheating."
Nevertheless, this demonstration has made the decision of who gets =
the car=20
fairer.
"Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science," ASU Foundation = Professor=20 and Director of the Origins Project Lawrence M. Krauss' recent book = about a=20 legendary and sometimes very public modern physicist, has been chosen = ...
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Nov 29, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)